References for
Introduction to the Theory
and Practice of Sampling

If you are reading Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Sampling, this page offers as an easy way to follow any References of interest to you.

Prelims

https://www.spectroscopyeurope.com/sampling
https://kheconsult.com
https://intsamp.org

1. Theory of Sampling (TOS)—the missing link before analysis

  1. K.H. Esbensen and C. Wagner, “Why we need the Theory of Sampling”, Analytical Scientist (2014). https://kheconsult.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/WHYweneedTOS-TAS-short.pdf
  2. DS 3077, Representative sampling—Horizontal Standard. Danish Standards (2013). http://www.ds.dk
  3. K.H. Esbensen and L.P. Julius, “Representative sampling, data quality, validation—a necessary trinity in chemometrics”, in Comprehensive Chemometrics, Ed by S. Brown, R. Tauler and B. Walczak. Elsevier, Vol. 4, pp. 1–20 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044452701-1.00088-0 (N.B. new revised edition 2019)
  4. K.H. Esbensen, C. Paoletti and N. Theix (Eds), “Special Guest Editor Section (SGE): sampling for food and feed materials”, J. AOAC Int. 98(2), 249–320 (2015). http://ingentaconnect.com/content/aoac/jaoac/2015/00000098/00000002
  5. K.H. Esbensen, “Materials properties: heterogeneity and appropriate sampling modes”, J. AOAC Int. 98, 269–274 (2015). https://doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.14-234
  6. K.H. Esbensen and C. Wagner, “Theory of Sampling (TOS) versus Measurement Uncertainty (MU)—a call for integration”, Trends Anal. Chem. (TrAC) 57, 93–106 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2014.02.007
  7. https://www.impopen.com/tosf

https://www.spectroscopyeurope.com/sampling

2. Theory of Sampling (TOS)—fundamental definitions and concepts

  1. Representative Sampling—Horizontal Standard. Danish Standards DS 3077 (2013). www.ds.dk
  2. J. AOAC Int. 98(2) (2015). https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/aoac/jaoac/2015/00000098/00000002

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%27s_ sampling_theory
https://doi.org/10.1255/tosf.11
http://bit.ly/tos2-6
http://bit.ly/tos2-7
http://bit.ly/tos2-8

3. Heterogeneity—the root of all evil (part 1)

  1. J. AOAC Int. 98(2) (2015). https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/aoac/jaoac/2015/00000098/00000002
  2. K.H. Esbensen, “Materials properties: heterogeneity and appropriate sampling modes”, J. AOAC Int. 98(2), 269–274 (2015). https://doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.14-234

4. Heterogeneity—the root of all evil (part 2)

  1. DS 3077. Representative sampling—Horizontal Standard. Danish Standards (2013). http://www.ds.dk
  2. L. Petersen, C.K. Dahl and K.H. Esbensen, “Representative mass reduction in sampling—a critical survey of techniques and hardware”, Chemometr. Intell. Lab. Sys. 74(1), 95–114 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2004.03.020
  3. K.H. Esbensen and C. Wagner, “Theory of Sampling (TOS) vs Measurement Uncertainty (MU)—a call for integration”, Trends Anal. Chem. 57, 93–106 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2014.02.007
  4. K.H. Esbensen, C. Paoletti and N. Thiex, “Representative sampling for food and feed materials: a critical need for food/feed safety”, J. AOAC Int. 98(2) (2015). https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/aoac/jaoac/2015/00000098/00000002
  5. F.F. Pitard, The Theory of Sampling and Sampling Practice, 3rd Edn. CRC Press (2019). ISBN: 978-1-138476486

https://doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.14-234

6. Pierre Gy’s key concept of sampling errors

  1. P. Gy, “Sampling of discrete materials—a new introduction to the theory of sampling I. Qualitative approach”, Chemometr. Intell. Lab. Syst. 74, 7–24 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2004.05.012; P. Gy, “Sampling of discrete materials II. Quantitative approach—sampling of zero-dimensional objects”, Chemometr. Intell. Lab. Syst. 74, 25–38 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2004.05.015; P. Gy, “Sampling of discrete materials III. Quantitative approach—sampling of one-dimensional objects”, Chemometr. Intell. Lab. Syst. 74, 39–47 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2004.05.011; P. Gy, “Part IV: 50 years of sampling theory—a personal history”, Chemometr. Intell. Lab. Syst. 74, 49–60 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2004.05.014; P. Gy, “Part V: Annotated literature compilation of Pierre Gy”, Chemometr. Intell. Lab. Syst. 74, 61–70 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2004.05.010
  2. “Pierre Gy (1924–2015)—in memoriam”, TOS Forum Issue 6 (2016). https://www.impopen.com/tosf-toc/16_6
  3. K.H. Esbensen, “Materials properties: heterogeneity and appropriate sampling modes”, J. AOAC Int. 98, 269–274 (2015). https://doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.14-234
  4. K.H. Esbensen, “Sampling – theory and practice”, Alchemist Issue 85, 3–6 (August 2017), London Bullion Market Association. https://kheconsult.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Alch85Complete-1.pdf
  5. K.H. Esbensen, R.J. Romanach and A.D. Roman-Ospino, “Theory of Sampling (TOS) – a necessary and sufficient guarantee for reliable multivariate data analysis in pharmaceutical manufacturing”, in Multivariate Analysis in Pharmaceutical Industry, Ed by A.P. Ferreira, J.C. Menezes and M. Tobin. Academic Press, Ch. 4 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811065-2.00005-9
  6. K.H. Esbensen and P. Paasch-Mortensen, “Process sampling: Theory of Sampling – the missing link in Process Analytical Technology (PAT)”, in Process Analytical Technology, 2nd Edn, Ed by K.A. Bakeev. Wiley, Ch. 3 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470689592.ch3
  7. J. AOAC Int. 98(2) (2015). https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/aoac/jaoac/2015/00000098/00000002
  8. K.H. Esbensen and C. Wagner, “Why we need the Theory of Sampling”, The Analytical Scientist Issue 21, 30–38 (2014).
  9. K.H. Esbensen and C. Wagner, “Theory of Sampling (TOS) versus measurement uncertainty (MU) – a call for integration”, Trends Anal. Chem. 57, 93–106 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2014.02.007
  10. DS 3077. Representative Sampling—Horizontal Standard. Danish Standards (2013). www.ds.dk
  11. F.F. Pitard, The Theory of Sampling and Sampling Practice, 3rd Edn. CRC Press (2019). ISBN: 978-1-138476486
  12. P. Gy, Sampling for Analytical Purposes, 1st Edn. Wiley, New York (1998). ISBN: 978-0-471-97956-2
  13. R.C.A. Minnitt and K.H. Esbensen, “Pierre Gy’s development of the Theory of Sampling: a retrospective summary with a didactic tutorial on quantitative sampling of one-dimensional lots”, TOS Forum Issue 7, 7–19 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1255/tosf.96
  14. K.H. Esbensen and L.P. Julius, “Representative sampling, data quality, validation – a necessary trinity in chemometrics”, in Comprehensive Chemometrics, Ed by S. Brown, R. Tauler and R. Walczak. Elsevier, Oxford, Vol. 4, pp. 1–20 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044452701-1.00088-0
  15. K.H. Esbensen and B. Swarbrick, Multivariate Date Analysis – An Introduction to Multivariate Data Analysis, Process Analytical Technology and Quality by Design, 6th Edn. CAMO Software AS (2018). ISBN 978-82-691104-0-1, https://www.amazon.com/Multivariate-Data-Analysis-introduction-Analytical/dp/826911040X/
  16. K.H. Esbensen and C.A. Ramsey, “QC of sampling processes—a first overview: from field to test portion”, J. AOAC. Int. 98, 282–287 (2015). https://doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.14-288

https://www.impopen.com/tosf-toc/16_6
http://bit.ly/tos1-5
https://www.impopen.com/tosf-toc/16_6
​​​​​​​https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2qxQ6M4cq8w
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T374R-0UfLw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hNscKsLLQbI

8. Composite sampling II: lot dimensionality transformation

  1. K.H. Esbensen, C. Paoletti and P. Minkkinen, “Representative sampling of large kernel lots – I. Theory of Sampling and variographic analysis”, Trends Anal. Chem. 32, 154–165 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2011.09.008
  2. P. Minkkinen, K.H. Esbensen and C. Paoletti, “Representative sampling of large kernel lots – II. Application to soybean sampling for GMO control”, Trends Anal. Chem. 32, 166–178 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2011.12.001
  3. K.H. Esbensen, C. Paoletti and P. Minkkinen, “Representative sampling of large kernel lots – III. General Considerations on sampling heterogeneous foods”, Trends Anal. Chem. 32, 179–184 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2011.12.002

9. Sampling quality assessment: the replication experiment

  1. Wikipedia, Taguchi Approach. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taguchi_methods
  2. Issues related to the concept of Measurement Uncertainty (MU), which too often in practice only covers the parts of the analysis process that can be brought under direct laboratory control (while in its full definition purports to cover the entire sampling-handling-analysis pathway), are treated in: K.H. Esbensen and C. Wagner, “Theory of Sampling (TOS) versus Measurement Uncertainty (MU) – a call for integration”, Trends Anal. Chem. 57, 93–106 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2014.02.007
  3. K.H. Esbensen and L.P. Julius, “Representative sampling, data quality, validation – a necessary trinity in chemometrics”, in Comprehensive Chemometrics, Ed by S. Brown, R. Tauler and R. Walczak. Elsevier, Oxford, Vol. 4, pp. 1–20 (2009).
  4. DS 3077. Representative Sampling—Horizontal Standard. Danish Standards (2013). http://www.ds.dk
  5. K.H. Esbensen, A.D. Román-Ospino, A. Sanchez and R.J. Romañach, “Adequacy and verifiability of pharmaceutical mixtures and dose units by variographic analysis (Theory of Sampling) – A call for a regulatory paradigm shift”, Int. J. Pharm. 499, 156–174 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.12.038
  6. K.H. Esbensen, C. Paoletti and P. Minkkinen, “Representative sampling of large kernel lots – I. Theory of Sampling and variographic analysis”, Trends Anal. Chem. 32, 154–164 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2011.09.008
  7. K.H. Esbensen, C. Paoletti and P. Minkkinen, “Representative sampling of large kernel lots – III. General Considerations on sampling heterogeneous foods”, Trends Anal. Chem. 32, 178–184 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2011.12.002
  8. P. Minkkinen, K.H. Esbensen and C. Paoletti, “Representative sampling of large kernel lots – II. Application to soybean sampling for GMO control”, Trends Anal. Chem. 32, 165–177 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2011.12.001
  9. A high-level example for the specially interested: F. Pitard, “The advantages and pitfalls of conventional heterogeneity tests and a suggested alternative”, TOS Forum 5, 13–18 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1255/tosf.47

http://bit.ly/tos9-b

10. Sampling quality criteria

  1. C. Ramsey and C. Wagner, “Sample quality criteria”, J. AOAC Int. 98, 265 (2015). https://doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.14-247
  2. K.H. Esbensen, DS 3077 Representative Sampling—Horizontal Standard. Danish Standards (2013). http://www.ds.dk
  3. GOODSamples: Guidance on Obtaining Defensible Samples. Association of American Feed Control Officials, Champaign, IL (2015). http://www.aafco.org/Publications/GOODSamples
  4. F.F. Pitard, The Theory of Sampling and Sampling Practice, 3rd Edn. CRC Press (2019). ISBN: 978-1-138476486
  5. C.A. Ramsey and A.D. Hewitt, “A methodology for assessing sample representativeness”, Environ. Forensics 6, 71 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1080/15275920590913877
  6. C. Ramsey, “Considerations for inference to decision units”, J. AOAC Int. 98, 288 (2015). https://doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.14-292
  7. C. Wagner and K.H. Esbensen, “Theory of Sampling: four critical success factors before analysis”, J. AOAC Int. 98, 275 (2015). https://doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.14-236
  8. K.H. Esbensen and B. Swarbrick, Multivariate Data Analysis, 6th Edn. CAMO Software AS, Oslo, Norway (2018). ISBN 978-82-691104-0-1, https://www.amazon.com/Multivariate-Data-Analysis-introduction-Analytical/dp/826911040X/
  9. K.H. Esbensen and P. Paasch-Mortensen, “Process sampling (Theory of Sampling, TOS)—the missing link in process ana­lytical technology (PAT)”, in Process Analytical Technology, 2nd Edn, Ed by K.A. Bakeev. Wiley, pp. 37–80 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470689592.ch3

http://bit.ly/tos10-9

11. There are standards—and there is the standard

  1. DS 3077, DS 3077. Representative sampling—Horizontal Standard. Danish Standards (2013). www.ds.dk
  2. CEN/TS 14778-1:2005 Solid Biofuels. Sampling. Part 1: Methods for Sampling. British Standards Institution, London, UK (2006).
  3. CEN/TS 14778-2:2005 Solid Biofuels. Sampling. Methods for Sampling Particulate Material Transported in Lorries. British Standards Institution, London, UK (2006).
  4. C. Wagner and K.H. Esbensen, “A critical review of sampling standards for solid biofuels – Missing contributions from the Theory of Sampling (TOS)”, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 16, 504–517 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.08.016
  5. K.H. Esbensen and C. Wagner, “Theory of Sampling (TOS) versus measurement uncertainty (MU)—a call for integration”, Trends Anal. Chem. (TrAC) 57, 93–106 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2014.02.007
  6. HGCA Grain Sampling Guide. HGCA Publications, Warwickshire (2013). http://www.hgca.com/media/248889/grain_sampling_guide_2013.pdf (accessed February 2014)
  7. ISO 24276:2006 Foodstuffs—Methods of Analysis for the Detection of Genetically Modified Organisms and Derived Products—General Requirements and Definition. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland (2006).
  8. C. Wagner and K. Esbensen, “A critical assessment of the HGCA grain sampling guide”, TOS forum Issue 2, 16–21 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1255/tosf.18
  9. D. Bhandari and K. Wildey, “Letter in response to ‘A critical assessment of the HGCA grain sampling guide’ published TOS forum Issue 2”, TOS forum Issue 4, 4 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1255/tosf.36
  10. K.H. Esbensen, C. Paoletti and P. Minkkinen, “Representative sampling of large kernel lots – I. Theory of Sampling and variographic analysis”, Trends Anal. Chem. (TrAC) 32, 154–165 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2011.09.008
  11. K.H. Esbensen, C. Paoletti and P. Minkkinen, “Representative sampling of large kernel lots – III. General Considerations on sampling heterogeneous foods”, Trends Anal. Chem. (TrAC) 32, 179–184 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2011.12.002
  12. P. Minkkinen, K.H. Esbensen and C. Paoletti, “Representative sampling of large kernel lots – II. Application to soybean sampling for GMO control”, Trends Anal. Chem. (TrAC) 32, 166–178 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2011.12.001

https://intsamp.org
http://bit.ly/tos11-d

12. Spear sampling: a bane at all scales

  1. K.H. Esbensen, A.D. Román-Ospino, A. Sanchez and R.J. Romañach, “Adequacy and verifiability of pharmaceutical mixtures and dose units by variographic analysis (Theory of Sampling)—A call for a regulatory paradigm shift”, Int. J. Pharmaceut. 499, 156–174 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.12.038
  2. L. Petersen, C. Dahl and K.H. Esbensen, “Representative mass reduction in sampling—a critical survey of techniques and hardware”, in Special Issue: 50 years of Pierre Gy’s Theory of Sampling. Proceedings: First World Conference on Sampling and Blending (WCSB1), Ed by K.H. Esbensen and P. Minkkinen, Chemometr. Intell. Lab. Syst. 74(1), 95–114 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2004.03.020
  3. DS 3077. Representative Sampling—Horizontal Standard. Danish Standards (2013). www.ds.dk
  4. K.H. Esbensen and C. Wagner, “Theory of Sampling (TOS) versus Measurement Uncertainty (MU)—a call for integration”, Trends Anal. Chem. (TrAC) 57, 93–106 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2014.02.007

13. Into the laboratory… the TOS still reigns supreme

P. Bedard, K.H. Esbensen and S.-J. Barnes, “Empirical approach for estimating reference material heterogeneity and sample minimum test portion mass for ‘nuggety’ precious metals (Au, Pd, Ir, Pt, Ru)”, Anal. Chem. 88, 3504–3511 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03574
J.-S. Dubé, J.-P. Boudreault, R. Bost, M. Sona, F. Duhaime and Y. Éthier, “Representativeness of laboratory sampling procedures for the analysis of trace metals in soil”, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 22(15), 11862–11876 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4447-1
K.H. Esbensen, “Materials properties: heterogeneity and appropriate sampling modes”, J. AOAC Int. 98, 269–274 (2015). https://doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.14-234
K.H. Esbensen and C. Wagner, “Theory of sampling (TOS) versus measurement uncertainty (MU) – a call for integration”, Trends Anal. Chem. 57, 93–106 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2014.02.007
E. De Andrade, K.H. Esbensen, M.C. Fernandes and A.M. Lopes, “Amostragem representative para uma quantificao precisa de sementes geneticamente modificadas”, Ed by P.S. Coelha and P. Reis. Agrorrural – Contributos Cientificos, pp. 604–615 (2011). ISBN 978-972-27-2022-9
L. Petersen, C. Dahl and K.H. Esbensen, “Representative mass reduction in sampling – a critical survey of techniques and hardware”, in Special Issue: 50 years of Pierre Gy’s Theory of Sampling. Proceedings: First World Conference on Sampling and Blending (WCSB1), Ed by K.H. Esbensen and P. Minkkinen, Chemometr. Intell. Lab. Sys. 74, 95–114 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2004.03.020

14. Representative mass reduction in the laboratory: riffle splitting galore

  1. L. Petersen, C. Dahl and K.H. Esbensen, “Representative mass reduction in sampling—a critical survey of techniques and hardware”, in “Special Issue: 50 years of Pierre Gy’s Theory of Sampling. Proceedings: First World Conference on Sampling and Blending (WCSB1)”, Ed by K.H. Esbensen and P. Minkkinen, Chemometr. Intell. Lab. Syst. 74(1), 95–114 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2004.03.020
  2. F.F. Pitard, Theory of Sampling and Sampling Practice, 3rd Edn. Chapman and Hall/CRC (2019). ISBN 9781138476486
  3. DS 3077, DS 3077. Representative Sampling—Horizontal Standard. Danish Standards (2013). https://www.ds.dk
  4. P. Wavrer, “An automatic linear proportional sampler based on the principles of the Theory of Sampling”, TOS Forum Issue 6, 25–27 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1255/tosf.85
  5. C. Wagner and K. Esbensen, “A critical assessment of the HGCA grain sampling guide”, TOS forum Issue 2, 16–21 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1255/tosf.18
  6. R.C. Steinhaus, J.J. Rust and M. Singh, “Does process control sampling always have to be a compromise?”, in Proceedings WCSB8. AusIMM Publishing, pp. 197–202 (2017). ISBN 978-1-925100-56-3
  7. M. Lischka, A. Holweg and K.H. Esbensen, “New online/at-line splitter designs for laboratory automation—feasibility results”, in Proceedings WCSB8. AusIMM Publishing, pp. 159–166 (2017). ISBN 978-1-925100-56-3
  8. R.C.A. Minnitt, K. Jakata and K.H. Esbensen, “The Grouping and Segregation Error in the rice experiment and at the assayer’s bench”, Proc. WCSB9, pp. 581–603 (2019). http://email.wcsb9.com/UploadFile/PROCEEDI_GS_OF_WCSB9-final20190520.pdf

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2004.03.020

15. Introduction to process sampling

  1. DS 3077 (2013). Representative Sampling—Horizontal Standard. Danish Standards (2013). http://www.ds.dk
  2. L. Petersen and K.H. Esbensen, “Representative process sampling for reliable data analysis—a tutorial”, J. Chemometr. 19, 625–647 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1002/cem.968
  3. K.H. Esbensen and P. Mortensen, “Process sampling (Theory of Sampling, TOS) – the missing link in process analytical technology (PAT)”, in Process Analytical Technology, 2nd Edn, Ed by K.A. Bakeev. Wiley, pp. 37–80 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470689592.ch3
  4. R. Minnitt and K. Esbensen, “Pierre Gy’s development of the Theory of Sampling: a retrospective summary with a didactic tutorial on quantitative sampling of one-dimensional lots”, TOS forum Issue 7, 7–19 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1255/tosf.96
  5. F.F. Pitard, Theory of Sampling and Sampling Practice, 3rd Edn. Chapman and Hall/CRC (2019). ISBN 9781138476486
  6. TOS Forum Issue 9 (2020). https://www.impopen.com/tosf-toc/19_9

16. Process sampling: the importance of correct increment extraction

  1. DS 3077. Representative Sampling—Horizontal Standard. Danish Standards (2013). http://www.ds.dk
  2. K.H. Esbensen and C. Wagner, “Theory of Sampling (TOS) versus Measurement Uncertainty (MU)—a call for integration”, Trends Anal. Chem. (TrAC) 57, 93–106 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2014.02.007
  3. R. Minnitt and K. Esbensen, “Pierre Gy’s development of the Theory of Sampling: a retrospective summary with a didactic tutorial on quantitative sampling of one-dimensional lots”, TOS forum Issue 7, 7–19 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1255/tosf.96

17. The variographic experiment

  1. K. Engström and K.H. Esbensen, “Evaluation of sampling systems in iron ore concentrating and pelletizing processes – Quantification of Total Sampling Error (TSE) vs. process variation”, Minerals Eng. 116, 203–208 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2017.07.008
  2. E. Thisted and K.H. Esbensen, “Improvement practices in process industry – the link between process control, variography and measurement system analysis”, TOS forum Issue 7, 20–29 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1255/tosf.97
  3. E. Thisted, U. Thisted, O. Bøckman and K.H. Esbensen, “Variographic case study for designing, monitoring and optimizing industrial measurement systems – the missing link in Lean and Six Sigma”, in Proc. 8th International Conference on Sampling and Blending, 9–11 May 2017, Perth, Australia, pp. 359–366 (2017). ISBN: 978 1 925100 56 3
  4. R.C.A. Minnitt and K.H. Esbensen, “Pierre Gy’s development of the Theory of Sampling: a retrospective summary with a didactic tutorial on quantitative sampling of one-dimensional lots”, TOS forum Issue 7, 7–19 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1255/tosf.96
  5. K.H. Esbensen, A.D. Román-Ospino, A. Sanchez and R.J. Romañach, “Adequacy and verifiability of pharmaceutical mixtures and dose units by variographic analysis (Theory of Sampling) – A call for a regulatory paradigm shift”, Int. J. Pharmaceut. 499, 156–174 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.12.038
  6. K.H. Esbensen and R.J. Romañach, “Proper sampling, total measurement uncertainty, variographic analysis & fit-for-purpose acceptance levels for pharmaceutical mixing monitoring”, in Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Sampling and Blending, 10–12 June, Bordeaux, TOS forum Issue 5, 25 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1255/tosf.68
  7. A. Sánchez-Paternina, A. Román-Ospino, C. Ortega-Zuñiga, B. Alvarado, K.H. Esbensen and R.J. Romañach, “When “homogeneity” is expected—Theory of Sampling in pharmaceutical manufacturing”, in Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Sampling and Blending, 10–12 June, Bordeaux, TOS forum Issue 5, 67–70 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1255/tosf.61
  8. Z. Kardanpour, O.S. Jacobsen and K.H. Esbensen, “Local versus field scale heterogeneity characterization – a challenge for representative field sampling in pollution studies”, Soil 1, 695–705 (2015). https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-695-2015
  9. H. Tellesbø and K.H. Esbensen, “Practical use of variography to find root causes to high variances in industrial production processes – I. Exclay (LECA)”, in 6th World Conference on Sampling and Blending (WCSB6), Lima, Peru, 19–22 November 2013, pp. 275–286. http://www.gecaminpublications.com/wcsb62013/
  10. H. Tellesbø and K.H. Esbensen, “Practical use of variography to find root causes to high variances in industrial production processes – II. Premixed mortars”, in 6th World Conference on Sampling and Blending (WCSB6), Lima, Peru, 19–22 November 2013, pp. 287–294. http://www.gecaminpublications.com/wcsb62013/
  11. K.H. Esbensen, C. Paoletti and P. Minkkinen, “Representative sampling of large kernel lots – I. Theory of Sampling and variographic analysis”, Trends Anal. Chem. 32, 154–165 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2011.09.008
  12. P. Minkkinen, K.H. Esbensen and C. Paoletti, “Representative sampling of large kernel lots – II. Application to soybean sampling for GMO control”, Trends Anal. Chem. 32, 166–178 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2011.12.001
  13. K.H. Esbensen, C. Paoletti and P. Minkkinen, “Representative sampling of large kernel lots – III. General considerations on sampling heterogeneous foods”, Trends Anal. Chem. 32, 179–184 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2011.12.002
  14. F.F. Pitard, Theory of Sampling and Sampling Practice, 3rd Edn. Chapman & Hall/CRC (2019). ISBN: 9781138476486
  15. P. Gy, Sampling for Analytical Purposes, 2nd Edn, Translated by A. Royle. John Wiley, Chichester (1999). ISBN: 978-0-471-97956-2

18. Experimental validation of a primary sampling system for iron ore pellets

  1. P. Gy, “Sampling of discrete materials—a new introduction to the theory of sampling I. Qualitative approach”, Chemometr. Intell. Lab. Syst. 74, 7–24 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7439(04)00167-4
  2. R.J. Holmes and G.J. Robinson, “Codifying the principles of sampling into minerals standards”, Chemometr. Intell. Lab. Syst. 74, 231–236 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2004.03.011
  3. R.J. Holmes, “Common pitfalls in sampling iron ore”, Proceedings 8th World Conference on Sampling and Blending, 9–11 May, Perth, Australia, pp. 261–264 (2017).
  4. International Organization for Standardization, ISO 3082: Iron Ores—Sampling and Sample Preparation Procedures (2009).
  5. International Organization for Standardization, ISO 3086: Iron Ores—Experimental Methods for Checking the Bias of Sampling (2006).
  6. P. Gy, Sampling of Particulate Materials—Theory and Practice, 2nd Edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam (1979).
  7. F.F. Pitard, Pierre Gy’s Sampling Theory and Sampling Practice, 2nd Edn. CRC Press Inc., Florida (1993).
  8. J.E. Everett, T.J. Howard and B.J. Beven, “Precision analysis of iron ore sampling preparation and measurement overcoming deficiencies in current standard ISO 3085”, Min. Technol. 120, 65–73 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1179/1743286311Y.0000000002
  9. DS 3077. Representative Sampling—Horizontal Standard. Danish Standards (2013). http://www.ds.dk

19. Industrial variographic analysis for continuous sampling system validation

  1. R. Minnitt and K.H. Esbensen, “Pierre Gy’s development of the Theory of Sampling: a retrospective summary with a didactic tutorial on quantitative sampling of one-dimensional lots”, TOS Forum Issue 7, 7–19 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1255/tosf.96
  2. K.H. Esbensen and P. Paasch-Mortensen, “Process Sampling: Theory of Sampling – the Missing Link in Process Analytical Technologies (PAT)”, in Process Analytical Technology, Ed by K. Bakeev. Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 37–80 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470689592.ch3
  3. R. Minnitt and F.F. Pitard, “Application of variography to the control of species in material process streams”, J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. 108(2), 109–122 (2008).
  4. F.F. Pitard, Theory of Sampling and Sampling Practice, 3rd Edn. Chapman and Hall/CRC (2019). ISBN 9781138476486
  5. K. Engström and K.H. Esbensen, “Evaluation of sampling systems in iron ore concentrating and pelletizing processes – Quantification of Total Sampling Error (TSE) vs. apparent process variation”, Proceedings of MEI Process Mineralogy 16, Cape Town (2016).
  6. K. Engström, Sampling in Iron Ore Operations: Evaluation and Optimisation of Sampling Systems to Reduce Total Measurement Variability. PhD Thesis, Aalborg University (2018). https://doi.org/10.5278/vbn.phd.eng.00068

https://www.spectroscopyeurope.com/sampling/experimental-validation-primary-sampling-system-iron-ore-pellets
https://doi.org/10.5278/vbn.phd.eng.00068

20. Theory of Sampling (TOS): pro et contra

DS 3077. Representative Sampling—Horizontal Standard. Danish Standards (2013). http://www.ds.dk
Sampling Columns in Spectroscopy Europe; see complete list at https://www.spectroscopyeurope.com/sampling
Proceedings of the World Conference on Sampling and Blending series: https://intsamp.org/proceedings/
Issues of the sampling community’s newsletter, TOS forum: https://www.impopen.com/tosf
K.H. Esbensen, R.J. Romañach and A.D. Román-Ospino, “Theory of Sampling (TOS): A Necessary and Sufficient Guarantee for Reliable Multivariate Data Analysis”, in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing in Multivariate Analysis in the Pharmaceutical Industry, Ed by A.P. Ferreira, J.C. Menezes and M. Tobyn. Academic Press, Ch. 4, pp. 53–91 (2018). ISBN 978-0-12-811065-2
R.C.A. Minnitt and K.H. Esbensen, “Pierre Gy’s development of the Theory of Sampling: a retrospective summary with a didactic tutorial on quantitative sampling of one-dimensional lots”, TOS Forum Issue 7, 7–19 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1255/tosf.96
K.H. Esbensen and C. Velis, “Transition to circular economy requires reliable statistical quantification and control of uncertainty and variability in waste. Editorial”, Waste Manage. Res. 34(12), 1197–1200 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X16680911
K.H. Esbensen, “Pierre Gy (1924–2015): a monumental scientific life”, TOS Forum Issue 6, 39–46 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1255/tosf.92

http://bit.ly/tos2-1a

21. Following the TOS will save you a lot of money (pun intended)

  1. P. Carasco, P. Carasco and E. Jara, “The economic impact of correct sampling and analysis practices in the copper mining industry”, in “Special Issue: 50 years of Pierre Gy’s Theory of Sampling. Proceedings: First World Conference on Sampling and Blending (WCSB1)”, Ed by K.H. Esbensen and P. Minkkinen, Chemometr. Intell. Lab. Sys. 74(1), 209–213 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2004.04.013
  2. K.H. Esbensen and C. Wagner, “Process sampling: the importance of correct increment extraction”, Spectrosc. Europe 29(3), 17–20 (2017). https://www.spectroscopyeurope.com/sampling/process-sampling%E2%80%8B-importance-correct-increment-extraction
  3. P.M. Gy, Sampling of Heterogeneous and Dynamic Material Systems. Elsevier, Amsterdam (1992).
  4. P. Minkkinen, “Practical applications of sampling theory”, in “Special Issue: 50 years of Pierre Gy’s Theory of Sampling. Proceedings: First World Conference on Sampling and Blending (WCSB1)”, Ed by K.H. Esbensen and P. Minkkinen, Chemometr. Intell. Lab. Sys. 74(1), 85–94 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2004.03.013

https://www.spectroscopyeurope.com/sampling
https://www.impopen.com/tos-forum

22. A tale of two laboratories I: the challenge

  1. H.T. Laitinen, “The role of the analytical laboratory”, Anal. Chem. 51(11), 1601 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50047a600
  2. K.H. Esbensen and C. Wagner, “Why we need the Theory of Sampling”, The Analytical Scientist 21, 30–38 (2014). https://kheconsult.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/WHYweneedTOS-TAS-short.pdf
  3. K.H. Esbensen and C. Wagner, “Theory of Sampling (TOS) versus Measurement Uncertainty (MU)—a call for integration”, Trends Anal. Chem. (TrAC) 57, 93–106 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2014.02.007
  4. DS 3077. Representative Sampling—Horizontal Standard. Danish Standards (2013). http://www.ds.dk
  5. K.H. Esbensen, C. Paoletti and N. Theix (Eds), J. AOAC Int., Special Guest Editor Section (SGE): Sampling for Food and Feed Materials 98(2), 249–320 (2015). http://ingentaconnect.com/content/aoac/jaoac/2015/00000098/00000002
  6. K.H. Esbensen, C. Paoletti and P. Minkkinen, “Representative sampling of large kernel lots – I. Theory of Sampling and variographic analysis”, Trends Anal Chem. (TrAC) 32, 154–165 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2011.09.008
  7. P. Minkkinen, K.H. Esbensen and C. Paoletti, “Representative sampling of large kernel lots – II. Application to soybean sampling for GMO control”, Trends in Anal. Chem. (TrAC) 32, 166–178 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2011.12.001
  8. K.H. Esbensen, C. Paoletti and P. Minkkinen, “Representative sampling of large kernel lots – III. General Considerations on sampling heterogeneous foods”, Trends in Anal. Chem. (TrAC) 32, 179–184 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2011.12.002
  9. K.H. Esbensen and P. Paasch-Mortensen, “Process sampling (Theory of Sampling, TOS)—the missing link in process analytical technology (PAT)”, in Process Analytical Technology, 2nd Edn, Ed by K.A. Bakeev. Wiley, pp. 37–80 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470689592.ch3

https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50047a600

23. A tale of two laboratories II: resolution

  1. K.H. Esbensen and C. Wagner, “Development and harmonisation of reliable sampling approaches for generation of data supporting GM plant risk assessment”, EFSA Supporting Publications 14(7), 1226E (2017). https://doi.org/10.2903/sp.efsa.2017.EN-1226

24. Sampling commitment—and what it takes…

  1. K.H. Esbensen, History and Achievements of the World Conference of Sampling and Blending in the Decade 2003–2013. WCSB 6 (2013). https://intsamp.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/History_of_WCSB_KHE_WCSB6_proceedings.pdf
  2. R.C.A. Minnitt, “The Pierre Gy Oration”, TOS Forum Issue 8, 17 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1255/tosf.104
  3. K.H. Esbensen, “50 years of Pierre Gy’s ‘Theory of Sampling’—WCSB1: a tribute”, Chemometr. Intell. Lab. Syst. 74, 3–6 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2004.06.005
  4. P. Gy, “Part IV: 50 years of sampling theory—a personal history”, Chemometr. Intell. Lab. Syst. 74, 49–60 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2004.05.014
  5. K.H. Esbensen and C. Wagner, “Why we need the Theory of Sampling”, Analytical Scientist (2014). https://kheconsult.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/WHYweneedTOS-TAS-short.pdf
  6. https://webshop.ds.dk/da-dk/standard/ds-30772013 (includes preview).
  7. K.H. Esbensen and C. Wagner, “Theory of sampling (TOS) versus measurement uncertainty (MU) – A call for integration”, Trends Anal. Chem. 57, 93–106 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2014.02.007
  8. K.H. Esbensen, C. Paoletti and N. Theix (Eds), “Special Guest Editor Section (SGE): Sampling for Food and Feed Materials”,  J. AOAC Int. 98(2), 249–537 (2015). http://ingentaconnect.com/content/aoac/jaoac/2015/00000098/00000002
  9. F.F. Pitard, Theory of Sampling and Sampling Practice, 3rd Edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida (2019).
  10. http://kheconsult.com/a-case-for-tos/
  11. K.H. Esbensen and P. Mortensen, “Process sampling (Theory of Sampling, TOS) – the missing link in Process Analytical Technology (PAT)”, in Process Analytical Technology, 2nd Edn, Ed by K.A. Bakeev. Wiley, pp. 37–80 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470689592.ch3
  12. R.C.A. Minnitt and K.H. Esbensen, “Pierre Gy’s development of the Theory of Sampling: a retrospective summary with a didactic tutorial on quantitative sampling of one-dimensional lots”, TOS Forum Issue 7, 7–19 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1255/tosf.96
  13. K.H. Esbensen, “WHAT is wrong with this sampler?”, TOS Forum Issue 8, 16 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1255/tosf.103
  14. R.J. Holmes, “Sample station design and operation”, TOS Forum Issue 5, 119 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1255/tosf.57

P. Gy (1998), Sampling for Analytical Purposes. Wiley, Chichester (1998).
F.F. Pitard (2019), Theory of Sampling and Sampling Practice, 3rd Edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida (2019).
F.F. Pitard (2009), Pierre Gy’s Theory of Sampling and C.O. Ingamells’ Poisson Process Approach, Pathways to Representative Sampling and Appropriate Industrial Standards. Doctoral thesis in technologies, Aalborg University, campus Esbjerg, Niels Bohrs Vej 8, DK-67 Esbjerg, Denmark (2009). ISBN: 978-87-7606-032-9
D. François-Bongarçon and P. Gy, “The most common error in applying ‘Gy’s Formula’ in the theory of mineral sampling and the history of the Liberation factor”, in Mineral Resource and Ore Reserve Estimation – The AusIMM Guide to Good Practice. The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Melbourne, pp. 67–72 (2001).
R.J. Holmes, “Correct sampling and measurement— the foundation of accurate metallurgical accounting”, Chemometr. Intell. Lab. Sys. 74, 71–83 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2004.03.019
G. Lyman, “A brief history of sampling”, AusIMM Bulletin 39–45 (2014).
P. Minkkinen and K.H. Esbensen, “Sampling of particulate materials with significant spatial heterogeneity – Theoretical modification of grouping and segregation factors involved with correct sampling errors: Fundamental Sampling Error and Grouping and Segregation Error”, Anal. Chim. Acta 1049, 47–64 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2018.10.056
R.C.A. Minnitt and F.F. Pitard, “Application of variography to the control of species in material process streams: an iron ore product”, J. SAIMM 108(2), 109–122 (2008).
R.C.A. Minnitt and K.H. Esbensen, “Pierre Gy’s development of the Theory of Sampling: a retrospective summary with a didactic tutorial on quantitative sampling of one-dimensional lots”, TOS Forum Issue 7, 7–19 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1255/tosf.96
C. Ramsey, “The effect of sampling error on acceptance sampling for food safety”, Proceedings of WCSB9, Beijing, May 2019. http://www.wcsb9.com/Download/
R.J. Holmes, “Best practice in sampling iron ore shipments”, Proceedings WCSB9, pp. 51–62 (2019).
P.O. Minkkinen, “Cost effective estimation and monitoring of the uncertainty of chemical measurements”, Proceedings WCSB9, pp. 673–685 (2019).

https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03574
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2019.105852
http://bit.ly/tos25-14

25. Representative sampling and society

  1. K.H. Esbensen, F. Pitard and C. Paoletti, “Sampling errors undermine valid genetically modified organism (GMO) analysis”, TOS forum Issue 1, 25–26 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1255/tosf.9
  2. K.H. Esbensen, C. Paoletti and P. Minkkinen, “Representative sampling of large kernel lots – I. Theory of Sampling and variographic analysis”, Trends Anal. Chem. 32, 154–165 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2011.09.008
  3. P. Minkkinen, K.H. Esbensen and C. Paoletti, “Representative sampling of large kernel lots – II. Application to soybean sampling for GMO control”, Trends Anal. Chem. 32, 166–178 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2011.12.001
  4. K.H. Esbensen, C. Paoletti and P. Minkkinen, “Representative sampling of large kernel lots – III. General Considerations on sampling heterogeneous foods”, Trends Anal. Chem. 32, 179–184 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2011.12.002
  5. K.H. Esbensen, C. Paoletti and N. Theix (Eds), “Special Guest Editor Section (SGE): Sampling for Food and Feed Materials”, J. AOAC Int. 98(2), 249–537 (2015). http://ingentaconnect.com/content/aoac/jaoac/2015/00000098/00000002
  6. K.H. Esbensen and C. Velis, “Editorial: Transition to circular economy requires reliable statistical quantification and control of uncertainty and variability in waste”, Waste Manage. Res. (Dec. 2016). https://kheconsult.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/WMR680911_CIRCULAR.pdf
  7. J. Kirchherr, L. Piscicelli, R. Bour, E. Kostense-Smit, J. Muller, A. Huibrechtse-Truijens and M. Hekkert, “Barriers to the circular economy: evidence from the European Union (EU)”, Ecol. Econ. 150, 264–272 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.04.028
  8. H.A. Kuiper and C. Paoletti, “Food and feed safety assessment: the importance of proper sampling”, J. AOAC Int. 98, 252–258 (2015). https://doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.15-007
  9. C. Paoletti and K.H. Esbensen, “Distributional assumptions in food and feed commodities – development of fit-for-purpose sampling protocols”, J. AOAC. Int. 98, 295–300 (2015). https://doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.14-250
  10. P. Carasco, P. Carasco and E. Jara, “The economic impact of correct sampling and analysis practices in the copper mining industry”, in Special Issue: 50 years of Pierre Gy’s Theory of Sampling. Proceedings: First World Conference on Sampling and Blending (WCSB1), Ed by K.H. Esbensen and P. Minkkinen, Chemometr. Intel. Lab. Syst. 74(1), 209–213 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2004.04.013
  11. L. Saker, L. Kelly, B., Cannito, A., Gilmore and D.H. Campbell-Lendrum, Globalization and Infectious Diseases: A Review of the Linkages. World Health Organization, Geneva (2000).
  12. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Consultation entitled Principles and Guidelines for Incorporating Microbiological Risk Assessment in the Development of Food Safety Standards, Guidelines and Related Texts. FAO and WHO (2002).
  13. H. Rosling, Factfulness. Sceptre Publishing (2018). ISBN 978-1-473-63746-7

https://kheconsult.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/WMR680911_CIRCULAR.pdf
https://intsamp.org/proceedings/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Rosling